High blood concentrations of omega-3 fatty acids are associated with an increased risk of having prostate cancer, according to a new study published online in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute (10 July 2013).
Men with prostate cancer, including those with low- or high-grade cancer, had a significantly higher percentage blood concentration of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids compared with men without cancer.
According to the study authors, having a high concentration of the fatty acids in the blood increased the risk of having high-grade prostate cancer by 71 per cent (95 per cent confidence interval 1.00-2.94). The findings also suggest a 44 per cent increased risk of low-grade prostate cancer (CI 1.08-1.93), and an overall 43 per cent increase in risk for all prostate cancers (CI 1.09-1.88).
Researchers conducted this prospective case-control study using data from the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial. Fatty acid assays from 834 men diagnosed with prostate cancer, 156 of which had high-grade cancer, were compared with those from a group of 1,393 age- and race- matched control participants. The National Cancer Institute and the National Centre for Complementary and Alternative Medicine funded the research.
The study replicates findings from the same research team at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Centre in 2011, which found a link between high blood concentrations of docosapentaenoic acid and an increased risk of prostate cancer.
"The consistency of these findings suggests that these fatty acids are involved in prostate tumorigenesis and recommendations to increase long-chain omega-3 fatty acid intake, in particular through supplementation, should consider its potential risks," the authors write. They add that although it is unclear from this study why high levels of omega-3 fatty acids would increase the risk of prostate cancer, one of their potentially harmful effects is their conversion into compounds that cause damage to cells and DNA.
Matthew Small, an executive committee member at the British Oncology Pharmacy Association, commented: "I think more evidence is needed before making any definite recommendation on [taking] omega-3 supplements or eating oily fish." He added: "It is thought they can reduce the risk of developing cardiovascular disease and cancer and as such the benefits of taking them may outweigh any potential increase in the risk of developing prostate cancer."
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